Hysteroscopy is the monitoring of the uterine cavity with a special optical device called hysteroscope via entering through the vagina and the cervix. It is performed under local anesthesia or general anesthesia. The operation period generally does not exceeds 30 minutes.

While the method is applied, a speculum is located in the vagina and vaginal disinfection is conducted. The hysteroscope, 3-5 cm thick, is inserted into the uterus through cervix. CO2 gas is administered through the channel of the hysteroscope. Or special liquids are used to inflate the uterus. The image obtained via hysteroscope is transferred to the monitor via optical-camera system.

It is monitoring the uterine cavity for diagnostic purposes. It is usually conducted under general anesthesia. It is performed for a definite diagnosis for cases in which diagnosis can not be performed or is indefinite. The form of treatment can conveniently be programmed by observing whether there is a defect in the uterine cavity or not, and if present, by detecting their actual sizes and locations. If necessary, operative hysteroscopy can be performed at the same session.

Diagnostic hysteroscope: Has a diameter of 3-5 mm. Has a second channel for biopsy in the indeterminate region.

Polyp or myoma leading to excessive bleeding
Congenital uterus abnormalities (septum, bicornual, arcuate, hypoplasy)
Adhesions of the uterine cavity
Cancers of the endometrium in the early stages. Under direct monitorization, biopsy can be taken from the indefinite region.
Removal of the spiral that can not be seen clearly or escaping into the uterine cavity
Examination of the recurrent miscarriages
Examination of the recurrent test tube baby failure
Can be performed to make abnormal hysterosalpingography (HSG) or ultrasound findings definite.

With the operative hysteroscopy method, usually applied under general anesthesia, intrauterine defects can be treated. It is an advanced form of diagnostic hysteroscopy. After each structure within the uterus is viewed in detail, with an electrosurgery system called resectoscope, any pathology can be corrected or removed.

	Operative hysteroscope/resectoscope

Polyp resection
Myoma resection (Submucous)
Congenital uterine abnormalities (septum): can lead to recurrent miscarriages.
Intra-uterine synechiae
Excessive menstrual bleedings: In order to stop excessive menstrual bleedings continuing despite drug treatment, endometrium is removed (patients should be not willing to have a baby in the future)
Proximal tubal narrowing or obstruction (tubal cannulation)

Submucous myoma in the uterus	Endometrial polyp
Septum can be found within the uterus to various extends.

The above mentioned problems are treated without an open surgery or without the removal of uterus. Operations like abortion or open surgery through abdomen makes conceiving especially difficult for women receiving infertility treatment or willing to have children in the future and lead to new reasons of infertility (like intraabdominal adhesions). Hysteroscopic surgery is the most successful treatment method especially in these groups of women.